Since the early 2000s, many notable video games have made use of this style, such as The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2003) and Ōkami (2006).Ĭel shading, in contrast to other visual styles such as photorealism, is often used to lend a more artistic or fantastical element to a video game's environment. The PlayStation title Fear Effect also had character models that are cel-shaded, and was released in February 2000, several months before Jet Set Radio officially released in mid-2000. It used cel-shading for its characters and its vibrant visual style has had a lasting influence on the use of cel-shading in video games. The Sega Dreamcast title Jet Set Radio, which was revealed at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show, drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using multitexturing (part of texture mapping).įor a more comprehensive list, see List of cel-shaded video games. The object faces are drawn using a single color.The back faces are drawn with thick lines.The Utah teapot rendered using cel shading:
The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. Finally, the image is composited via Z-buffering, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their vertex normals in a vertex shader. To dilate the silhouette, these back-faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation. Back-face culling is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Outlines Wireframe method īlack "ink" outlines and contour lines can be created using a variety of methods. Conventional smooth lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then quantized to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic "flat look", where the shadows and highlights appear as blocks of color rather than being smoothly mixed in a gradient. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its non-photorealistic illumination model.
The cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. Cel-shaded rendering of two isosurfaces of the probability density of a particle in a box
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